Can We Detect Quantum Behavior in Viruses?
An illustration of the famous "Schrödinger's Cat" thought experiment. Created with Photoshop CS2 using illustrations from the Commons. (GNU Free Documentation License)
The weird world of quantum mechanics describes the strange, often contradictory, behaviour of small inanimate objects such as atoms. Researchers have now started looking for ways to detect quantum properties in more complex and larger entities, possibly even living organisms.
A German-Spanish research group, split between the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics in Garching and the Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO), is using the principles of an iconic quantum mechanics thought experiment - Schrödinger’s superpositioned cat – to test for quantum properties in objects composed of as many as one billion atoms, possibly including the flu virus.
New research published today, Thursday 11 March, in New Journal of Physics (co-owned by the Institute of Physics and German Physical Society), describes the construction of an experiment to test for superposition states in these larger objects.
Quantum optics is a field well-rehearsed in the process of detecting quantum properties in single atoms and some small molecules but the scale that these researchers wish to work at is unprecedented. (more…)
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Princeton Scientist Makes a Leap in Quantum Computing
Princeton University's Jason Petta.
A major hurdle in the ambitious quest to design and construct a radically new kind of quantum computer has been finding a way to manipulate the single electrons that very likely will constitute the new machines’ processing components or “qubits.”
has discovered how to do just that — demonstrating a method that alters the properties of a lone electron without disturbing the trillions of electrons in its immediate surroundings. The feat is essential to the development of future varieties of superfast computers with near-limitless capacities for data.
Petta, an assistant professor of physics, has fashioned a new method of trapping one or two electrons in microscopic corrals created by applying voltages to minuscule electrodes. Writing in the Feb. 5 edition of Science, he describes how electrons trapped in these corrals form “spin qubits,” quantum versions of classic computer information units known as bits. Other authors on the paper include Art Gossard and Hong Lu at the University of California-Santa Barbara.
Previous experiments used a technique in which electrons in a sample were exposed to microwave radiation. However, because it affected all the electrons uniformly, the technique could not be used to manipulate single electrons in spin qubits. It also was slow. Petta’s method not only achieves control of single electrons, but it does so extremely rapidly — in one-billionth of a second. (more…)
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Single Photons Observed at Seemingly Faster-than-Light Speeds
A single photon travels through alternating layers of low (blue) and high (green) refractive index material more slowly (top) or quickly (bottom) depending upon the order of the layers. A strategically placed additional layer (bottom) can dramatically reduce photon transit time. (Credit: JQI)
Researchers at the Joint Quantum Institute (JQI), a collaboration of the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland at College Park, can speed up photons (particles of light) to seemingly faster-than-light speeds through a stack of materials by adding a single, strategically placed layer. This experimental demonstration confirms intriguing quantum-physics predictions that light’s transit time through complex multilayered materials need not depend on thickness, as it does for simple materials such as glass, but rather on the order in which the layers are stacked. This is the first published study* of this dependence with single photons.
Strictly speaking, light always achieves its maximum speed in a vacuum, or empty space, and slows down appreciably when it travels through a material substance, such as glass or water. The same is true for light traveling through a stack of dielectric materials, which are electrically insulating and can be used to create highly reflective structures that are often used as optical coatings on mirrors or fiber optics. (more…)
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Levitating Magnet May Yield New Approach to Clean Energy
MIT and Columbia University researchers have begun an experiment at the Plasma Fusion and Science Center that could lead to a new source of energy. Key to the work is this huge vessel reminiscent of a spaceship. Photo / Donna Coveney
A new experiment that reproduces the magnetic fields of the Earth and other planets has yielded its first significant results. The findings confirm that its unique approach has some potential to be developed as a new way of creating a power-producing plant based on nuclear fusion — the process that generates the sun’s prodigious output of energy.
Fusion has been a cherished goal of physicists and energy researchers for more than 50 years. That’s because it offers the possibility of nearly endless supplies of energy with no carbon emissions and far less radioactive waste than that produced by today’s nuclear plants, which are based on fission, the splitting of atoms (the opposite of fusion, which involves fusing two atoms together). But developing a fusion reactor that produces a net output of energy has proved to be more challenging than initially thought.
The new results come from an experimental device on the MIT campus, inspired by observations from space made by satellites. Called the Levitated Dipole Experiment, or LDX, a joint project of MIT and Columbia University, it uses a half-ton donut-shaped magnet about the size and shape of a large truck tire, made of superconducting wire coiled inside a stainless steel vessel. This magnet is suspended by a powerful electromagnetic field, and is used to control the motion of the 10-million-degree-hot electrically charged gas, or plasma, contained within its 16-foot-diameter outer chamber.
The results, published this week in the journal Nature Physics, confirm the counter-intuitive prediction that inside the device’s magnetic chamber, random turbulence causes the plasma to become more densely concentrated — a crucial step to getting atoms to fuse together — instead of becoming more spread out, as usually happens with turbulence. This “turbulent pinching” of the plasma has been observed in the way plasmas in space interact with the Earth’s and Jupiter’s magnetic fields, but has never before been recreated in the laboratory. (more…)
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Quantum Entanglement Achieved in Solid-State Circuitry
This is an SEM image of a typical Cooper pair splitter. The bar is 1 micrometer. A central superconducting electrode (blue) is connected to two quantum dots engineered in the same single wall carbon nanotube (in purple). Entangled electrons inside the superconductor can be coaxed to move in opposite directions in the nanotube, ending up at separate quantum dots, while remaining entangled. (Credit: L.G. Herrmann, F. Portier, P. Roche, A. Levy Yeyati, T. Kontos, and C. Strunk)
For the first time, physicists have convincingly demonstrated that physically separated particles in solid-state devices can be quantum-mechanically entangled. The achievement is analogous to the quantum entanglement of light, except that it involves particles in circuitry instead of photons in optical systems. Both optical and solid-state entanglement offer potential routes to quantum computing and secure communications, but solid-state versions may ultimately be easier to incorporate into electronic devices. The experiment is reported in an upcoming issue of Physical Review Letters and highlighted with a Viewpoint in the January 11 issue of Physics .
In optical entanglement experiments, a pair of entangled photons may be separated via a beam splitter. Despite their physical separation, the entangled photons continue to act as a single quantum object. A team of physicists from France, Germany and Spain has now performed a solid-state entanglement experiment that uses electrons in a superconductor in place of photons in an optical system. (more…)
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The Future of Energy: An Emerging Science by Dr. Thomas Valone
A new 220 page softcover book discusses the latest emerging energy technologies and mankind’s history of energy and its future trends. Includes an examination of the sociopolitical aspects of man’s use of energy.
In a world of uncertainty about the future, The Future of Energy: An Emerging Science by Thomas Valone offers “…hope for solving the world’s looming energy shortage,” according to Science magazine, since it considers things we have barely imagined in search of new carbon-free technologies.
Containing a myriad of new energy technologies assembled into archetypal categories, a sociological perspective emerges along with the science. Well funded, emerging energy sources such as dense plasma focus fusion, powdered metal-burning engines, wireless transmission of electricity, space-based solar power, piezoelectric highway electricity generators and zero point energy are given simple and short summaries.
Recent Conferences on Future Energy sponsored by the author’s institute, offering the best examples of emerging future energy sources, are also listed and described.
“[I]t would be foolhardy not to assess a broad spectrum of advanced energy sources, converters, and enabling technologies.” - Martin Hoffert, et al., Science, Vol. 300, 25 April 2003, p. 581 (more…)
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Quantum Gas Microscope Offers Glimpse of Quirky Ultracold Atoms
Markus Greiner, an assistant professor of physics at Harvard.
Physicists at Harvard University have created a quantum gas microscope that can be used to observe single atoms at temperatures so low the particles follow the rules of quantum mechanics, behaving in bizarre ways.
The work, published this week in the journal Nature, represents the first time scientists have detected single atoms in a crystalline structure made solely of light, called a Bose Hubbard optical lattice. It’s part of scientists’ efforts to use ultracold quantum gases to understand and develop novel quantum materials.
“Ultracold atoms in optical lattices can be used as a model to help understand the physics behind superconductivity or quantum magnetism, for example,” says senior author Markus Greiner, an assistant professor of physics at Harvard and an affiliate of the Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms. “We expect that our technique, which bridges the gap between earlier microscopic and macroscopic approaches to the study of quantum systems, will help in quantum simulations of condensed matter systems, and also find applications in quantum information processing.” (more…)
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Smallest Nanoantennas for High-speed Data Networks
Nano dipole antennas under the microscope: The colors reflect the different trans-mission frequencies. (Photo by: LTI)
More than 120 years after the discovery of the electromagnetic character of radio waves by Heinrich Hertz, wireless data transmission dominates information technology. Higher and higher radio frequencies are applied to transmit more data within shorter periods of time. Some years ago, scientists found that light waves might also be used for radio transmission. So far, however, manufacture of the small antennas has required an enormous expenditure. KIT scientists have now succeeded for the first time in specifically and reproducibly manufacturing smallest optical nanoantennas from gold.
In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered the electromagnetic waves at the former Technical College of Karlsruhe, the predecessor of Universität Karlsruhe (TH). Specific and directed generation of electromagnetic radiation allows for the transmission of information from a place A to a remote location B. The key component in this transmission is a dipole antenna on the transmission side and on the reception side. Today, this technology is applied in many areas of everyday life, for instance, in mobile radio communication or satellite reception of broadcasting programs. Communication between the transmitter and receiver reaches highest efficiency, if the total length of the dipole antennas corresponds to about half of the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave. (more…)
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Scientists Discover Quantum Fingerprints of Chaos
Professor Poul Jessen of the UA College of Optical Sciences runs an experiment that provides long-sought evidence that two very different worlds of quantum mechanics and classical chaos are connected. (Lori Stiles, University of Arizona)
Chaotic behavior is the rule, not the exception, in the world we experience through our senses, the world governed by the laws of classical physics.
Even tiny, easily overlooked events can completely change the behavior of a complex system, to the point where there is no apparent order to most natural systems we deal with in everyday life.
The weather is one familiar case, but other well-studied examples can be found in chemical reactions, population dynamics, neural networks and even the stock market.
Scientists who study “chaos” - which they define as extreme sensitivity to infinitesimally small tweaks in the initial conditions - have observed this kind of behavior only in the deterministic world described by classical physics.
Until now, no one has produced experimental evidence that chaos occurs in the quantum world, the world of photons, atoms, molecules and their building blocks.
This is a world ruled by uncertainty: An atom is both a particle and a wave, and it’s impossible to determine its position and velocity simultaneously. (more…)
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New Documentary: The Quantum Tamers
From deep inside the sewers of Vienna, site of groundbreaking quantum teleportation experiments, to cutting-edge quantum computing labs, to voyages into the minds of the world’s brightest thinkers, including renowned British scientist Stephen Hawking, The Quantum Tamers: Revealing Our Weird and Wired Future is a new television documentary that explores the coming quantum technological revolution.
“The Quantum Tamers presents the weirdness and wonder of the quantum world in a strikingly original, accessible and engaging visual style. It graphically conveys why quantum physics is so useful and why it holds the key to futuristic information technologies”, says Neil Turok, Director of Perimeter Institute. “I think you will find yourself challenged and amazed, just like the scientists themselves. Sharing in their enthusiasm for research, discovery and innovation is part of the fun.”
Behind the Scenes
Quantum Tamers Prologue
Introduction to the documentary
Is Information Physical?
Thinking about quantum information
In October 2009, The Quantum Tamers will premiere in Canada at the Quantum to Cosmos Festival, in the USA at the New York United Film Festival and in Europe at the prestigious Pariscience festival. These screenings are concurrent with international distribution activities aimed at television networks and specialty channels around the globe. In Canada, you can view the program on October 20th at 10:00 pm (EDST) in a newly created science strand on TVO. The TVO signal can be found across Canada on Bell TV channel 265 or Star Choice channel 353. You will also find TVO on Channel 2 in most areas of Ontario (check local listings). This new documentary is co-produced by Canada’s Perimeter Institute and Title Entertainment, with international distribution handled by Electric Sky (contact info below). (more…)
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Rewriting Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity?
Scientists are trying to figure out to what extent a new theory of quantum gravity will reproduce general relativity -- the theory that currently explains, to very high accuracy, how masses curve spacetime and create the influence of gravity. (Image copyright American Physical Society, Illustration: Carin Cain)
Putting New Model of Quantum Gravity Under the Microscope
Does an exciting but controversial new model of quantum gravity reproduce Einstein’s theory of general relativity? Scientists at Texas A&M University in the US explore this question in a paper appearing in Physical Review Letters and highlighted with a Viewpoint in the August 24th issue of Physics (http://physics.aps.org).
“If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it,” sums up fairly well how many scientists have viewed Einstein’s theory of general relativity. The theory, which Einstein developed in the early 20th century, says that matter curves spacetime, and it is this curvature which deflects massive bodies – an effect that we interpret as the influence of gravity. The theory has been tested to extremely high accuracy and without it, our satellite global positioning system would be off by about 10 km per day. (more…)
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Packing Puzzle Offers Insights Into Low-Temperature Phases of Matter & Computer Security
Princeton researchers have beaten the present world record for packing the most tetrahedra into a volume. Research into these so-called packing problems have produced deep mathematical ideas and led to practical applications as well. (Princeton University/Torquato Lab)
Finding the best way to pack the greatest quantity of a specifically shaped object into a confined space may sound simple, yet it consistently has led to deep mathematical concepts and practical applications, such as improved computer security codes.
When mathematicians solved a famed sphere-packing problem in 2005, one that first had been posed by renowned mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler in 1611, it made worldwide headlines.
Now, two Princeton University researchers have made a major advance in addressing a twist in the packing problem, jamming more tetrahedra — solid figures with four triangular faces — and other polyhedral solid objects than ever before into a space. The work could result in better ways to store data on compact discs as well as a better understanding of matter itself. (more…)
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New Experiment Could Reveal Make-up of the Universe
Dr Andy Boston, from the University of Liverpool's Department of Physics, explains: "There is a huge abundance of elements in the Universe, but we know very little about why this is.
The detectors will become part of the Advanced Gamma Tracking Array (AGATA) experiment, currently based in Italy, which aims to create a ‘fingerprint’ of the inside of the atomic nucleus to understand the structure of all matter in the Universe, including human beings and the stars.
The experiment will help scientists analyse particle interactions that produce gamma rays, which are also commonly used for their penetrating properties in medical diagnostics and treatments such as PET scans and radiation therapy. Scientists will use these interactions - and the energy required to make them - to probe rare ‘exotic’ nuclei. These are formed by nuclear reactions, which occur in the heart of stars as well as the large accelerator facilities used to study them on earth.
Exotic nuclei are difficult to detect and consist of extreme proton and neutron ratios, making them highly unstable. The new experiment will help scientists understand why some nuclei are more stable than others and why they have a wide variety of different shapes. (more…)
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New MIT Study Shows Breakdown in Planck’s Law
by David L. Chandler
Professor Gang Chen with the vacuum chamber used in this research. (Courtesy / Gang Chen)
A well-established physical law describes the transfer of heat between two objects, but some physicists have long predicted that the law should break down when the objects are very close together. Scientists had never been able to confirm, or measure, this breakdown in practice. For the first time, however, MIT researchers have achieved this feat, and determined that the heat transfer can be 1,000 times greater than the law predicts.
The new findings could lead to significant new applications, including better design of the recording heads of the hard disks used for computer data storage, and new kinds of devices for harvesting energy from heat that would otherwise be wasted.
Planck’s blackbody radiation law, formulated in 1900 by German physicist Max Planck, describes how energy is dissipated, in the form of different wavelengths of radiation, from an idealized non-reflective black object, called a blackbody. The law says that the relative thermal emission of radiation at different wavelengths follows a precise pattern that varies according to the temperature of the object. The emission from a blackbody is usually considered as the maximum that an object can radiate. (more…)
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Kapanadze’s Third-Party Testing of Their 100 kW Free Energy Device
100 kw "free energy" generator by Kapanadze being low load test by a third party.
According to Sterling D. Allan of Pure Energy Systems News, a video has been posted showing the setup of the one hundred kilowatt free energy generator by Tariel Kapanadze’s group as it is being third-party tested.
Allan writes: “On July 9, we posted a featured page on a Georgia Republic inventor, Tariel Kapanadze and his group, who apparently claim to have invented a 5 kilowatt free energy generator. We reported that in a demonstration video the device appears to produce copious amounts of energy from no visible source. We also speculated that it could be getting its energy via inductive coupling to the local utility.
“However, all of that is blown away by a video they posted on July 22 showing third party testing of not a 5 kW system, but a 100 kW system.” Read The Full Article.
FREE ENERGY GENERATOR BY KAPANADZE 100 KW
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Documentary: The Matter of Everything
The Matter Of Everything is a feature documentary that challenges us to see beyond our everyday sense of experience into the unseen universe. From the quantum to the cosmos, The Matter Of Everything journeys deep out of the foundations of nature to reveal what we are, at billionths of the human scale. At that level, physicists at Fermilab, one of the largest particle research facilities in the world, describe a universe that is more unified than ever imagined.
Trailer for The Matter Of Everything
THE MATTER OF EVERYTHING Extended Trailer from Riverchoir Feed on Vimeo.
For more information or to order the DVD see: http://www.thematterofeverything.com/
THE SCIENTISTS
SCOTT MENARY
Professor of Physics
York University
“Those interconnections (between quantum and cosmos) have gotten deeper and deeper, I’d say over the last decade. (more…)
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Anti-Matter: The Shaky Science Behind ‘Angels & Demons’
A technician helps install the pixel detector within the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider near Geneva, Switzerland. A team of Iowa State physicists is contributing to work on the pixel detector, the innermost part of the ATLAS experiment. (Photo by Claudia Marcelloni, the European Organization for Nuclear Research.)
Soeren Prell admits to being amused by some of the high energy physics portrayed in “Angels & Demons,” the summer thriller starring science, religion and Tom Hanks.
Take, for example, scenes depicting CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research near Geneva, Switzerland, and its Large Hadron Collider, the $8 billion, 17-miles-around particle accelerator.
The collider is the world’s biggest science experiment. It will accelerate beams of protons or lead ions to nearly the speed of light and crash them together so physicists can study the subatomic particles that fly off. Physicists are hoping the experiment will find the Higgs boson, a subatomic particle that could be a key to explaining how particles acquire their masses. (more…)
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Physicists Show Quantum Entanglement in Mechanical System
How to Entangle Two Mechanical Oscillators (John Jost/NIST)
Physicists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have demonstrated entanglement—a phenomenon peculiar to the atomic-scale quantum world—in a mechanical system similar to those in the macroscopic everyday world. The work extends the boundaries of the arena where quantum behavior can be observed and shows how laboratory technology might be scaled up to build a functional quantum computer.
The research, described in the June 4 issue of Nature,* involves a bizarre intertwining between two pairs of vibrating ions (charged atoms) such that the pairs vibrate in unison, even when separated in space. Each pair of ions behaves like two balls connected by a spring (see figure), vibrating back and forth in opposite directions. Familiar objects that vibrate this way include pendulums and violin strings. (more…)
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Physicists Take First Steps to Harness Antimatter
By Becky Phillips
Courtesy WSU Today, Washington State University
As two of the foremost positron researchers in the world, Lynn and Weber have the capacity to produce more positrons at WSU than any other facility in the nation.
“This morning, NASA successfully launched the world’s first gamma ray shuttle to the galactic center of the Milky Way. Once there, geo-astronauts say they can mine and harvest enough raw antimatter to power Earth’s energy needs for the next decade. Unfortunately, they won’t be back for three or four centuries…”
Although we won’t see that story on tonight’s six o’ clock news, Kelvin Lynn is serious when he says it is possible to harness the power of antimatter – and that it may be conceivable to collect that antimatter from a mother-lode hiding out near the center of our galaxy.
Lynn - professor in the departments of Physics and Mechanical & Materials Engineering and director of the Center for Materials Research - and Marc Weber, staff scientist in the Department of Physics, have developed an unprecedented concept that could offer the world its first practical method for containing and transporting a type of antimatter particle called the positron. (more…)
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‘Star Trek’ Warp Speed? Two Physicists Have a New Idea That Could Make it Happen
Image courtesy of CBS Studios Inc. © 2008 CBS Studios Inc. All Rights Reserved. STAR TREK and related marks are trademarks of CBS Studios Inc.
With the new movie ‘Star Trek’ opening in theaters across the nation, one thing movie goers will undoubtedly see is the Starship Enterprise racing across the galaxy at the speed of light. But can traveling at warp speed ever become a reality?
Two Baylor University physicists believe they have an idea that can turn traveling at the speed of light from science fiction to science, and their idea does not break any laws of physics. (more…)
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Study Plunges Standard Theory of Cosmology into Crisis
A population of infant stars in the Milky Way satellite galaxy, the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC, visible to the naked eye in the southern constellation Tucana), located 210,000 light-years away. (NASA/ESA)
As modern cosmologists rely more and more on the ominous “dark matter” to explain otherwise inexplicable observations, much effort has gone into the detection of this mysterious substance in the last two decades, yet no direct proof could be found that it actually exists. Even if it does exist, dark matter would be unable to reconcile all the current discrepancies between actual measurements and predictions based on theoretical models. Hence the number of physicists questioning the existence of dark matter has been increasing for some time now. Competing theories of gravitation have already been developed which are independent of this construction. Their only problem is that they conflict with Newton’s theory of gravitation. “Maybe Newton was indeed wrong”, declares Professor Dr. Pavel Kroupa of Bonn University´s Argelander-Institut für Astronomie (AIfA). “Although his theory does, in fact, describe the everyday effects of gravity on Earth, things we can see and measure, it is conceivable that we have completely failed to comprehend the actual physics underlying the force of gravity.” (more…)
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Quantum Cryptography Becomes Practical for Ultra-Secure Communications
Animation of quantum cryptography from Dr. Barry Sanders, iCORE Professor of Quantum Information Science, University of Calgary. He is another scientist who says quantum information science is revolutionizing the principles of information, communication, and computation.
Quantum cryptography, a completely secure means of communication, is much closer to being used practically as researchers from Toshiba and Cambridge University’s Cavendish Laboratory have now developed high speed detectors capable of receiving information with much higher key rates, thereby able to receive more information faster.
Published as part of IOP Publishing’s New Journal of Physics’ Focus Issue on ‘Quantum Cryptography: Theory and Practice’, the journal paper, ‘Practical gigahertz quantum key distribution based on avalanche photodiodes’, details how quantum communication can be made possible without having to use cryogenic cooling and/or complicated optical setups, making it much more likely to become commercially viable soon. (more…)
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Spooky Action Used to Distinguishing Quantum Devices
"Apart from providing insight into the fundamentals of quantum physics, this work may be crucial for future quantum technologies," said researcher Anthony Laing.
The idea that far distant particles can somehow ‘talk’ to each other worried Einstein so much that he called it ’spooky action at a distance’.
Having confirmed its existence, scientists today are learning how to use this ’spooky action’ as a helpful tool. Now a team of physicists at the University of Bristol and Imperial College London have harnessed this phenomenon to shed light on another unusual and previously difficult aspect of quantum physics - that of distinguishing between two similar quantum devices.
In the everyday world any process can be considered as a black box device with an input and an output; if you wish to identify the device you simply apply inputs, measure the outputs and determine what must have happened in between. (more…)
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Collider Study Finds New Data on Z-Bosons and Potential Fifth Force of Nature
ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS) is one of the six particle detector experiments (ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, TOTEM, LHCb, and LHCf) currently being constructed at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). When completed, ATLAS will be 46 metres long and 25 metres in diameter, and will weigh about 7,000 tonnes. The LHC is expected to become the world's largest and highest energy particle accelerator. The LHC is being funded and built in collaboration with over 2,000 scientists and engineers at 165 universities and laboratories in 35 countries. (Photo Credit: CERN)
The Large Hadron Collider is an enormous particle accelerator whose 17-mile tunnel straddles the borders of France and Switzerland. A group of physicists at the University of Nevada, Reno has analyzed data from the accelerator that could ultimately prove or disprove the possibility of a fifth force of nature.
As the largest science instrument ever built, the LHC has the science community buzzing with excitement as it may help in understanding the inner workings of Nature.
Remarkably, some of the new physics that may be studied at this $6 billion facility can be probed using low-cost experiments fitting in a typical laboratory room.
In a forthcoming Physical Review Letter article, the University of Nevada, Reno physicists are reporting an analysis of an experiment on violation of mirror symmetry in atoms. Their refined analysis sets new limits on a hypothesized particle, the extra Z-boson, carving out the lower-energy part of the discovery reach of the LHC. (more…)
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