Chemists Influence Stem-Cell Development with Geometry
Kristopher Kilian, National Institutes of Health Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Chicago, and his associates are using shape to control stem-cell development. Their article on the method appears in the March 1 Early Edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. (Jason Smith)
University of Chicago scientists have successfully used geometrically patterned surfaces to influence the development of stem cells. The new approach is a departure from that of many stem-cell biologists, who focus instead on uncovering the role of proteins in controlling the fate of stem cells.
“The cells are seeing the same soluble proteins. In both cases it’s the shape alone that’s dictating whether they turn into fat or bone, and that hasn’t been appreciated before,” said Milan Mrksich, Professor in Chemistry and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, who led the study. “That’s exciting because stem-cell therapies are of enormous interest right now, and a significant effort is ongoing to identify the laboratory conditions that can take a stem cell and push it into a specific lineage.”
The UChicago team found that making cells assume a star shape promotes a tense cytoskeleton, which provides structural support for cells, while a flower shape promotes a looser cytoskeleton. “On a flower shape you get the majority of cells turning to fat, and on a star shape you’ve got the majority of cells turning into bone,” said Kris Kilian, a National Institutes of Health Fellow in Mrksich’s research group. The UChicago team published its findings in the March 1 Early Edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. (more…)
Stem Cells Can Be Engineered to Kill HIV
By Enrique Rivero
Jerome A. Zack, UCLA professor of medicine and associate director of the UCLA AIDS Institute.
Researchers from the UCLA AIDS Institute and colleagues have for the first time demonstrated that human blood stem cells can be engineered into cells that can target and kill HIV-infected cells — a process that potentially could be used against a range of chronic viral diseases.
The study, published Dec. 7 in the-peer reviewed online journal PLoS ONE, provides proof-of-principle — that is, a demonstration of feasibility — that human stem cells can be engineered into the equivalent of a genetic vaccine.
“We have demonstrated in this proof-of-principle study that this type of approach can be used to engineer the human immune system, particularly the T-cell response, to specifically target HIV-infected cells,” said lead investigator Scott G. Kitchen, assistant professor of medicine in the division of hematology and oncology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and a member of the UCLA AIDS Institute. “These studies lay the foundation for further therapeutic development that involves restoring damaged or defective immune responses toward a variety of viruses that cause chronic disease, or even different types of tumors.” (more…)
Study Suggests Adult Stem Cells May Help Repair Hearts Damaged by Heart Attack
Adult stem cells may help repair heart tissue damaged by heart attack according to the findings of a new study to be published in the December 8 issue of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Results from the Phase I study show stem cells from donor bone marrow appear to help heart attack patients recover better by growing new blood vessels to bring more oxygen to the heart.
Rush University Medical Center was the only Illinois site and one of 10 cardiac centers across the country that participated in the 53-patient, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase I trial. Rush is now currently enrolling patients for the second phase of the study.
Researchers say it is the strongest evidence thus far indicating that adult stem cells can actually differentiate, or turn into heart cells to repair damage. Until now, it has been believed that only embryonic stem cells could differentiate into heart or other organ cells. (more…)
Physician-Scientist Proves Stem Cells Heal Lungs of Newborn Animals
Dr. Bernard Thébaud
Dr. Bernard Thébaud lives in two very different worlds. As a specialist in the Stollery Children’s Hospital’s Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at the Royal Alexandra Hospital, he cares for tiny babies, many of whom struggle for breath after being born weeks before they are due. Across town, in his laboratory in the Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry at the University of Alberta, Dr. Thébaud dons a lab coat and peers into a microscope to examine the precise effect of stem cells on the lungs.
Today, with his scientific research being published in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Dr. Thébaud has made a significant leap to bridge the gap between those two worlds.
An international team of scientists led by Dr. Thébaud has demonstrated for the first time that stem cells protect and repair the lungs of newborn rats.”The really exciting thing that we discovered was that stem cells are like little factories, pumping out healing factors,” says Dr. Thébaud, an Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research Clinical Scholar. “That healing liquid seems to boost the power of the healthy lung cells and helps them to repair the lungs.” (more…)
Endocrine Society Calls for Expanded Scope and Funding for Stem Cell Research
Stem cell research holds great promise for the treatment of millions of Americans with debilitating and possibly fatal diseases. Current legislation and guidelines, however, continue to limit researchers’ endeavors in unlocking the potential breakthroughs that stem cell research can provide. To address this concern, today The Endocrine Society issued a Position Statement (http://www.endo-society.org/advocacy/policy) calling for an increase in NIH funding for stem cell research as well as expanding the scope of funding to include promising yet neglected areas of stem cell research.
Specifically, The Endocrine Society supports the following positions:
* An increase in NIH funding for stem cell research;
* An increase in the number of embryonic stem cell lines for NIH-funded research;
* A broadening of the scope of federally funded research to include cells generated through somatic cell nuclear transfer;
* Availability of federal funding for the derivation of embryonic stem cells from discarded in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos and through somatic cell nuclear transfer;
* Adherence to the highest ethical and scientific research standards; and
* Federal oversight of embryonic stem cell research to assure ethical standards are always met. (more…)
A Major Step in Making Better Stem Cells from Adult Tissue
Scripps Research Associate Professor Sheng Ding, Ph.D., who led the study.
The findings by Scripps Research scientists brighten prospects of stem cell therapy for range of diseases
A team led by scientists from The Scripps Research Institute has developed a method that dramatically improves the efficiency of creating stem cells from human adult tissue, without the use of embryonic cells. The research makes great strides in addressing a major practical challenge in the development of stem-cell-based medicine.
The findings were published in an advance, online issue of the journal Nature Methods on October 18, 2009.
The new technique, which uses three small drug-like chemicals, is 200 times more efficient and twice as fast as conventional methods for transforming adult human cells into stem cells (in this case called “induced pluripotent stem cells” or “iPS cells”).
“Both in terms of speed and efficiency, we achieved major improvements over conventional conditions,” said Scripps Research Associate Professor Sheng Ding, Ph.D., who led the study. “This is the first example in human cells of how reprogramming speed can be accelerated. I believe that the field will quickly adopt this method, accelerating iPS cell research significantly.” (more…)
Stem Cells: A Step Closer to Understanding Skin, Breast and Other Cancers
In normal skin (left), the stem cells at the base, shown in green, differentiate into skin cells, shown in red. In mice whose skin has neither C/EBP-beta nor C/EBP-beta (middle), this differentiation is blocked: green-labeled stem cells appear in upper layers of skin, and there are no differentiated skin cells (no red staining). This also happens at the initial stages of basal cell carcinomas. In skin where C/EBP-beta is present but has lost its capacity to interact with E2F, a molecule that regulates the cell cycle (right), skin cells start differentiating abnormally, before they have properly exited the stem cell "program" (yellow/orange). This is similar to what is observed in the initial stages of squamous cell carcinomas, a more aggressive and invasive skin tumor. (Claus Nerlov/EMBL)
Stem cells have a unique ability: when they divide, they can either give rise to more stem cells, or to a variety of specialised cell types. In both mice and humans, a layer of cells at the base of the skin contains stem cells that can develop into the specialised cells in the layers above. Scientists at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Monterotondo, in collaboration with colleagues at the Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (CIEMAT) in Madrid, have discovered two proteins that control when and how these stem cells switch to being skin cells. The findings, published online today in Nature Cell Biology, shed light on the basic mechanisms involved not only in formation of skin, but also on skin cancer and other epithelial cancers.
(more…)
Controlling Living Cells with Light
Aristide Dogariu, an optical scientist at the College of Optics and Photonics.
Cleaner wound healing, preventing spread of tumors among potential long-term implications.
University of Central Florida researchers have shown for the first time that light energy can gently guide and change the orientation of living cells within lab cultures. That ability to optically steer cells could be a major step in harnessing the healing power of stem cells and guiding them to areas of the body that need help.
The results, presented at the 2009 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference, were discovered by a research team led by Aristide Dogariu, an optical scientist at the College of Optics and Photonics, and Kiminobu Sugaya, a stem cell researcher at the College of Medicine’s Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences. (more…)
Reprogramming Human Cells Without Inserting Stem Cell Genes
Tanja Dominko, DVM, PhD, associate professor of biology and biotechnology at WPI.
A research team comprised of faculty at Worcester Polytechnic Institute’s (WPI) Life Sciences and Bioengineering Center (LSBC) and investigators at CellThera, a private company also located at the LSBC, has discovered a novel way to turn on stem cell genes in human fibroblasts (skin cells) without the risks associated with inserting extra genes or using viruses. This discovery opens a new avenue for reprogramming cells that could eventually lead to treatments for a range of human diseases and traumatic injuries by coaxing a patient’s own cells to repair and regenerate the damaged tissues.
The research team reported its findings in the paper “Induction of Stem Cell Gene Expression in Adult Human Fibroblasts without Transgenes,” published online July 21, 2009 (in advance of September print publication) as a “fast track” paper from the journal Cloning and Stem Cells. (Cloning, Stem Cells. 2009 Jul 21.) “We show that by manipulating culture conditions alone, we can achieve changes in fibroblasts that would be beneficial in development of patient-specific cell therapy approaches,” the authors wrote in the paper. (more…)
Bioethicists Lead Call for Public Debates on Future Uses of Stem Cells
Stem Cells Dripping...
More than 40 scientists, bioethicists, lawyers and science journal editors are calling on their colleagues, policy makers and the public to begin developing guidelines for the research and reproductive use of stem cell-derived eggs and sperm, even though such use may be a decade or more away.
“Science has always moved faster than social debate or society’s ability to grapple with these issues,” says Debra Mathews, Ph.D., lead author of a paper published in the July issue of Cell Stem Cell and assistant director of science programs at the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics. The paper calls for all parties to begin engaging in open discussion and debates, and describes the need for informed social policy well in advance of the eventual use of eggs and sperm derived from pluripotent stem cells.
Mathews said stem cell researchers need to be better prepared to address public questions about uses of so-called pluripotent stem cell-derived gametes – regardless of how realistic or soon those uses may be. Such uses would potentially include reproductive uses such as the creation of sperm and eggs for in vitro fertilization, embryo selection based on genetic profile, and the creation of embryos from the tissues of fetuses, children and the deceased. (more…)
Stem Cell Breakthrough
Dr. Andras Nagy has discovered a new method of generating stem cells that does not require embryos as starting points.
In a study to be released on March 1, 2009, Mount Sinai Hospital’s Dr. Andras Nagy discovered a new method of creating stem cells that could lead to possible cures for devastating diseases including spinal cord injury, macular degeneration, diabetes and Parkinson’s disease. The study, to be published by Nature online, accelerates stem cell technology and provides a road map for new clinical approaches to regenerative medicine.
“We hope that these stem cells will form the basis for treatment for many diseases and conditions that are currently considered incurable,” said Dr. Nagy, Senior Investigator at the Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Investigator at the McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, and Canada Research Chair in Stem Cells and Regeneration. “This new method of generating stem cells does not require embryos as starting points and could be used to generate cells from many adult tissues such as a patient’s own skin cells.” (more…)
More Clinical Trials Sought for Human Stem Cells
A doctor points to brain stem cells that he is growing. The monitor is connected to a microscope (not shown).
Last week, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cleared the way for the first human trials of human embryonic stem cell research, authorizing Geron Corporation to test whether cells are safe for use in spinal injury patients.
“The FDA’s decision to approve human clinical trials of stem cells is wonderful news for the medical and scientific communities, as it is a significant acknowledgement that the FDA is growing more comfortable with stem cell use,” says Kenneth C. Aldrich, Chairman, CEO, and Co-Founder of International Stem Cell Corporation (ISCO), a California-based biotechnology company focused on developing therapeutic and research products. “That said, the Geron approval is only half the story. Simply put: not all stem cells are created equal, and there are any number of controversies and issues that continue to swirl around stem cell research.”
(more…)
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